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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, DC 20549
 

 FORM 10-Q
 
QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2020
OR
TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from                      to                     
Commission file number 001-35877
 
 
HANNON ARMSTRONG SUSTAINABLE INFRASTRUCTURE CAPITAL, INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
 
 
Maryland
 
46-1347456
(State or other jurisdiction of
incorporation or organization)
 
(I.R.S. Employer
Identification No.)
 
 
 
1906 Towne Centre Blvd
Suite 370
 
21401
Annapolis,
Maryland
 
(Address of principal executive offices)
 
(Zip code)
(410) 571-9860
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
N/A
(Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report)
 
 
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of each class
Trading Symbol(s)
Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, $0.01 par value per share
HASI
New York Stock Exchange
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes      No  




Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).    Yes      No  
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filer
 
  
Accelerated filer
 
 
 
 
 
Non-accelerated filer
 
  
Smaller reporting company
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
Emerging growth company
 
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.  ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).    Yes      No  
Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the issuer’s classes of common stock as of the latest practicable date: 73,387,996 shares of common stock, par value $0.01 per share, outstanding as of May 5, 2020 (which includes 459,521 shares of unvested restricted common stock).
 




FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
We make forward-looking statements in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (“Form 10-Q”) within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”) that are subject to risks and uncertainties. For these statements, we claim the protections of the safe harbor for forward-looking statements contained in such Sections. These forward-looking statements include information about possible or assumed future results of our business, financial condition, liquidity, results of operations, plans and objectives. When we use the words “believe,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “estimate,” “plan,” “continue,” “intend,” “should,” “may” or similar expressions, we intend to identify forward-looking statements.
Forward-looking statements are subject to significant risks and uncertainties. Investors are cautioned against placing undue reliance on such statements. Actual results may differ materially from those set forth in the forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those described in the forward-looking statements are contained in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019, as amended by our Amendment No. 1 to our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019 (collectively, our “2019 Form 10-K”) that was filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”), and include risks discussed in the Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations of this Form 10-Q and in other periodic reports that we file with the SEC.
Other important factors that we think could cause our actual results to differ materially from expected results are summarized below, including the ongoing impact of the current outbreak of the novel coronavirus ("COVID-19"), on the U.S., regional and global economies, the U.S. sustainable infrastructure market and the broader financial markets. The current outbreak of COVID-19 has also impacted, and is likely to continue to impact, directly or indirectly, many of the other important factors below and the risks described in the Form 10-K and in our subsequent filings under the Exchange Act. Other factors besides those listed could also adversely affect us. Any forward-looking statement speaks only as of the date on which it is made, and we undertake no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events, or otherwise. New factors emerge from time to time, and it is not possible for us to predict which factors will arise. In addition, we cannot assess the impact of each factor on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements. In particular, it is difficult to fully assess the impact of COVID-19 at this time due to, among other factors, uncertainty regarding the severity and duration of the outbreak domestically and internationally, uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of federal, state and local governments’ efforts to contain the spread of COVID-19 and respond to its direct and indirect impact on the U.S. economy and economic activity.
Statements regarding the following subjects, among others, may be forward-looking:
negative impacts from continued spread of COVID-19, including on the U.S. or global economy or on our business, financial position or results of operations;
 our expected returns and performance of our investments;
the state of government legislation, regulation and policies that support or enhance the economic feasibility of projects that reduce carbon emissions or increase resilience to climate change, which we refer to as climate change solutions, including energy efficiency and renewable energy projects and the general market demands for such projects;
market trends in our industry, energy markets, commodity prices, interest rates, the debt and lending markets or the general economy;
our business and investment strategy;
availability of opportunities to invest in climate change solutions including energy efficiency and renewable energy projects and our ability to complete potential new opportunities in our pipeline;
our relationships with originators, investors, market intermediaries and professional advisers;
competition from other providers of capital;
our or any other company’s projected operating results;
actions and initiatives of the federal, state and local governments and changes to federal, state and local government policies, regulations, tax laws and rates and the execution and impact of these actions, initiatives and policies;
the state of the U.S. economy generally or in specific geographic regions, states or municipalities, and economic trends;
our ability to obtain and maintain financing arrangements on favorable terms, including securitizations;

- i -



general volatility of the securities markets in which we participate;
the credit quality of our assets;
changes in the value of our assets, our portfolio of assets and our investment and underwriting process;
the impact of weather conditions, natural disasters, accidents or equipment failures or other events that disrupt the operation of our investments or negatively impact the value our assets;
rates of default or decreased recovery rates on our assets;
interest rate and maturity mismatches between our assets and any borrowings used to fund such assets;
changes in interest rates and the market value of our assets and target assets;
changes in commodity prices, including continued low natural gas prices;
effects of hedging instruments on our assets or liabilities;
the degree to which our hedging strategies may or may not protect us from risks, such as interest rate volatility;
impact of and changes in accounting guidance;
our ability to maintain our qualification as a real estate investment trust ("REIT") for U.S. federal income tax purposes;
our ability to maintain our exemption from registration under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “1940 Act”);
availability of and our ability to attract and retain qualified personnel;
estimates relating to our ability to generate sufficient cash in the future to operate our business and to make distributions to our stockholders; and
our understanding of our competition.
Forward-looking statements are based on beliefs, assumptions and expectations as of the date of this Form 10-Q. Any forward-looking statement speaks only as of the date on which it is made. New risks and uncertainties arise over time, and it is not possible for us to predict those events or how they may affect us. Except as required by law, we are not obligated to, and do not intend to, update or revise any forward-looking statements after the date of this Form 10-Q, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.
The risks included here are not exhaustive. Other sections of this Form 10-Q or our 2019 Form 10-K may include additional factors that could adversely affect our business and financial performance. Moreover, we operate in a very competitive and rapidly changing environment. New risk factors emerge from time to time and it is not possible for management to predict all such risk factors, nor can it assess the impact of all such risk factors on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements. Given these risks and uncertainties, investors should not place undue reliance on forward-looking statements as a prediction of actual results.

 


- ii -



TABLE OF CONTENTS
 
 
 
Page
 
Item 1.
Item 2.
Item 3.
Item 4.
Item 1.
Item 1A.
Item 2.
Item 3.
Item 4.
Item 5.
Item 6.
 



- iii -



PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1. Financial Statements

HANNON ARMSTRONG SUSTAINABLE INFRASTRUCTURE CAPITAL, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS, EXCEPT PER SHARE DATA)
(UNAUDITED)
 
March 31, 2020 (unaudited)

December 31, 2019
Assets
 
 
 
Cash and cash equivalents
$
173,025

 
$
6,208

Equity method investments
581,930

 
498,631

Government receivables
259,085

 
263,175

Commercial receivables, net of allowance of $26 million and $8 million, respectively
873,397

 
896,432

Real estate
361,493

 
362,265

Investments
63,167

 
74,530

Securitization assets
121,929

 
123,979

Other assets
90,461

 
162,054

Total Assets
$
2,524,487

 
$
2,387,274

Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity
 
 
 
Liabilities:
 
 
 
Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other
$
48,672

 
$
54,351

Credit facilities
153,074

 
31,199

Non-recourse debt (secured by assets of $802 million and $921 million, respectively)
633,328

 
700,225

Senior unsecured notes
504,724

 
512,153

Convertible notes
148,134

 
149,434

Total Liabilities
1,487,932

 
1,447,362

Stockholders’ Equity:
 
 
 
Preferred stock, par value $0.01 per share, 50,000,000 shares authorized, no shares issued and outstanding

 

Common stock, par value $0.01 per share, 450,000,000 shares authorized, 71,325,089 and 66,338,120 shares issued and outstanding, respectively
713

 
663

Additional paid in capital
1,206,225

 
1,102,303

Accumulated deficit
(185,789
)
 
(169,786
)
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)
11,076

 
3,300

Non-controlling interest
4,330

 
3,432

Total Stockholders’ Equity
1,036,555

 
939,912

Total Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity
$
2,524,487

 
$
2,387,274




See accompanying notes.
- 1 -



HANNON ARMSTRONG SUSTAINABLE INFRASTRUCTURE CAPITAL, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS, EXCEPT PER SHARE DATA)
(UNAUDITED)
 
For the Three Months Ended March 31,
 
2020
 
2019
Revenue
 
 
 
Interest income
$
23,889

 
$
17,654

Rental income
6,470

 
6,476

Gain on sale of receivables and investments
4,905

 
6,839

Fee income
5,570

 
2,174

Total revenue
40,834

 
33,143

Expenses
 
 
 
Interest expense
18,135

 
15,430

Provision for loss on receivables
648

 

Compensation and benefits
8,897

 
7,439

General and administrative
3,409

 
3,342

Total expenses
31,089

 
26,211

Income before equity method investments
9,745

 
6,932

Income (loss) from equity method investments
16,588

 
4,506

Income (loss) before income taxes
26,333

 
11,438

Income tax (expense) benefit
(1,923
)
 
2,270

Net income (loss)
$
24,410

 
$
13,708

Net income (loss) attributable to non-controlling interest holders
102

 
61

Net income (loss) attributable to controlling stockholders
$
24,308

 
$
13,647

Basic earnings (loss) per common share
$
0.36

 
$
0.22

Diluted earnings (loss) per common share
$
0.35

 
$
0.21

Weighted average common shares outstanding—basic
67,172,104

 
61,748,906

Weighted average common shares outstanding—diluted
73,140,922

 
62,365,271



See accompanying notes.
- 2 -



HANNON ARMSTRONG SUSTAINABLE INFRASTRUCTURE CAPITAL, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
(UNAUDITED)
 
Three Months Ended March 31,
 
2020

2019
Net income (loss)
$
24,410

 
$
13,708

Unrealized gain (loss) on available-for-sale securities, net of tax benefit (provision) of ($0.5) million in 2020 and ($0.3) million in 2019
7,454

 
1,999

Unrealized gain (loss) on interest rate swaps, net of tax benefit (provision) of ($0.1) million in 2020 and $0.0 million in 2019
358

 
(684
)
Comprehensive income (loss)
32,222

 
15,023

Less: Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to non-controlling interest holders
137

 
69

Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to controlling stockholders
$
32,085

 
$
14,954




See accompanying notes.
- 3 -



HANNON ARMSTRONG SUSTAINABLE INFRASTRUCTURE CAPITAL, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
(AMOUNTS IN THOUSANDS)
(UNAUDITED)
 
Common Stock
 
Additional Paid-in Capital
 
Accumulated Deficit
 
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
 
Non-controlling interests
 
Total
 
Shares
 
Amount
 
 
 
 
 
Balance at December 31, 2019
66,338

 
$
663

 
$
1,102,303

 
$
(169,786
)
 
$
3,300

 
$
3,432

 
$
939,912

Net income (loss)
 
 
 
 
 
 
24,308

 
 
 
102

 
24,410

Adoption of ASU 2016-13, net of tax effect
 
 
 
 
 
 
(14,031
)
 
 
 
(74
)
 
(14,105
)
Unrealized gain (loss) on available-for-sale securities
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
7,420

 
34

 
7,454

Unrealized gain (loss) on interest rate swaps
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
356

 
2

 
358

Issued shares of common stock
4,506

 
45

 
115,314

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
115,359

Equity-based compensation
 
 
 
 
4,581

 
 
 
 
 
939

 
5,520

Issuance (repurchase) of vested equity-based compensation shares
481

 
5

 
(15,973
)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
(15,968
)
Dividends and distributions
 
 
 
 
 
 
(26,280
)
 
 
 
(105
)
 
(26,385
)
Balance at March 31, 2020
71,325

 
$
713

 
$
1,206,225

 
$
(185,789
)
 
$
11,076

 
$
4,330

 
$
1,036,555

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Balance at December 31, 2018
60,510

 
$
605

 
$
965,384

 
$
(163,205
)
 
$
(1,684
)
 
$
3,423

 
$
804,523

Net income (loss)
 
 
 
 
 
 
13,647

 
 
 
61

 
13,708

Unrealized gain (loss) on available-for-sale securities
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1,990

 
9

 
1,999

Unrealized gain (loss) on interest rate swaps
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
(681
)
 
(3
)
 
(684
)
Issued shares of common stock
2,068

 
21

 
46,791

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
46,812

Equity-based compensation
 
 
 
 
3,596

 
 
 
 
 
17

 
3,613

Issuance (repurchase) of vested equity-based compensation shares
298

 
3

 
(6,425
)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
(6,422
)
Dividends and distributions
 
 
 
 
 
 
(21,395
)
 
 
 
(93
)
 
(21,488
)
Balance at March 31, 2019
62,876

 
$
629

 
$
1,009,346

 
$
(170,953
)
 
$
(375
)
 
$
3,414

 
$
842,061

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 


See accompanying notes.
- 4 -



HANNON ARMSTRONG SUSTAINABLE INFRASTRUCTURE CAPITAL, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
(UNAUDITED)
 
Three Months Ended March 31,
 
2020
 
2019
Cash flows from operating activities
 
 
 
Net income (loss)
$
24,410

 
$
13,708

Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by operating activities:
 
 
 
Provision for loss on receivables
648

 

Depreciation and amortization
895

 
1,136

Amortization of deferred financing costs
2,096

 
1,673

Equity-based compensation
3,548

 
3,578

Equity method investments
8,914

 
2,024

Non-cash gain on securitization
(14,302
)
 
(6,610
)
Gain on sale of receivables and investments
9,397

 

Changes in accounts payable and accrued expenses
(11,291
)
 
(9,285
)
Other
(12,660
)
 
(2,771
)
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities
11,655

 
3,453

Cash flows from investing activities
 
 
 
Equity method investments
(140,877
)
 
(10,448
)
Equity method investment distributions received
50,143

 
20,530

Purchases of and investments in receivables
(29,671
)
 
(22,430
)
Principal collections from receivables
38,276

 
21,345

Proceeds from sales of receivables
8,035

 
26,919

Purchases of investments
(15,937
)
 
(6,809
)
Principal collections from investments
1,048

 
1,325

Proceeds from sales of investments and securitization assets
42,920

 

Funding of escrow accounts
(712
)
 
(11,869
)
Withdrawal from escrow accounts
1,273

 
7,945

Other
35

 
69

Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities
(45,467
)
 
26,577

Cash flows from financing activities
 
 
 
Proceeds from credit facilities
126,000

 
26,500

Principal payments on credit facilities
(4,347
)
 
(1,925
)
Proceeds from issuance of non-recourse debt
15,938

 
13,923

Principal payments on non-recourse debt
(83,488
)
 
(35,180
)
Net proceeds of common stock issuances
114,760

 
46,388

Payments of dividends and distributions
(24,363
)
 
(20,518
)
Withholdings on employee share vesting
(15,968
)
 
(6,422
)
Other
(990
)
 
(6,008
)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities
127,542

 
16,758

Increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash
93,730

 
46,788

Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at beginning of period
106,586

 
59,353

Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at end of period
$
200,316

 
$
106,141

Interest paid
$
25,436

 
$
14,882

Non-cash changes in residual assets (investing activity)
(14,302
)
 
(6,636
)

See accompanying notes.
- 5 -



HANNON ARMSTRONG SUSTAINABLE INFRASTRUCTURE CAPITAL, INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(UNAUDITED)
March 31, 2020
 
1.
The Company
Hannon Armstrong Sustainable Infrastructure Capital, Inc. (the “Company”) focuses on making investments in climate change solutions by providing capital to the leading companies in the energy efficiency, renewable energy and other sustainable infrastructure markets. Our goal is to generate attractive returns from a diversified portfolio of projects with long-term and predictable cash flows from proven technologies that reduce carbon emissions or increase resilience to climate change.  
The Company and its subsidiaries are hereafter referred to as “we,” “us,” or “our.” Our investments take various forms, including equity, joint ventures, lending or other financing transactions, as well as real estate ownership and typically benefit from contractually committed high credit quality obligors. We also generate on-going fees through gain-on-sale securitization transactions, advisory services and asset management. We refer to the income producing assets that we hold on our balance sheet as our “Portfolio.” Our Portfolio may include:     
Equity investments in either preferred or common structures in unconsolidated entities;
Government and commercial receivables, such as loans for renewable energy and energy efficiency projects;
Real estate, such as land or other assets leased for use by sustainable infrastructure projects typically under long-term leases; and
Investments in debt securities of renewable energy or energy efficiency projects.
We finance our business through cash on hand, borrowings under credit facilities and debt transactions, asset-backed securitization transactions and equity issuances. We also generate fee income through securitizations and syndications, by providing broker/dealer services and by managing and servicing assets owned by third parties. Some of our subsidiaries are special purpose entities that are formed for specific operations associated with investing in sustainable infrastructure receivables for specific long-term contracts.
Our common stock is listed on the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) under the symbol “HASI.” We have qualified as a real estate investment trust (“REIT”) and also intend to continue to operate our business in a manner that will maintain our exemption from registration as an investment company under the 1940 Act, as amended. We operate our business through, and serve as the sole general partner of, our operating partnership subsidiary, Hannon Armstrong Sustainable Infrastructure, L.P., (the “Operating Partnership”), which was formed to acquire and directly or indirectly own our assets.
2.Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Basis of Presentation
The preparation of financial statements in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from these estimates and such differences could be material. These financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the instructions to Form 10-Q and should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in our annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019, as filed with the SEC. In the opinion of management, all adjustments necessary to present fairly our financial position, results of operations and cash flows have been included. Our results of operations for the three-month periods ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for the full year or any other future period. Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in our annual consolidated financial statements have been condensed or omitted. Certain amounts in the prior years have been reclassified to conform to the current year presentation.
The consolidated financial statements include our accounts and controlled subsidiaries, including the Operating Partnership. All material intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation.
Following the guidance for non-controlling interests in Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 810, Consolidation ("ASC 810"), references in this report to our earnings per share and our net

- 6 -



income and stockholders’ equity attributable to common stockholders do not include amounts attributable to non-controlling interests.
Consolidation and Equity Method Investments
We account for our investments in entities that are considered voting interest entities or variable interest entities (“VIEs”) under ASC 810 and assess whether we should consolidate these entities on an ongoing basis. We have established various special purpose entities or securitization trusts for the purpose of securitizing certain receivables or other debt investments which are not consolidated in our financial statements as described below in Securitization of Financial Assets.
We have assessed that we have power over and receive the benefits from those special purpose entities that are formed for the purpose of holding our government and commercial receivables and investments on our balance sheet; hence, we are the primary beneficiary and should consolidate these entities under the provisions of ASC 810.
We have made equity investments in various renewable energy and energy efficiency projects. These investments are typically owned in holding companies (using limited liability companies ("LLCs") taxed as partnerships) where we partner with either the operator of the project or other institutional investors. We share in the cash flows, income, and tax attributes according to a negotiated schedule (which typically does not correspond with our ownership percentages). Investors, if any, in a preferred return position typically receive a stated preferred return consisting of a priority distribution of all or a portion of the project's cash flows, and in some cases, tax attributes. Once the stated return, if applicable, is achieved, the partnership “flips” and the operator of the project along with any other common equity investors receive a larger portion of the cash flows, with the previously preferred investors retaining an on-going residual interest.
Our equity investments in renewable energy or energy efficiency projects are accounted for under the equity method of accounting. Certain of our equity method investments were determined to be interests in VIEs in which we are not the primary beneficiary, as we do not direct the significant activities of these entities. Our maximum exposure to loss through these investments is limited to their recorded values. However, we may provide guarantees of certain obligations of these VIEs. Under the equity method of accounting, the carrying value of these equity method investments is determined based on amounts we invested, adjusted for the equity in earnings or losses of the investee allocated based on the LLC agreement, less distributions received. For the LLC agreements which contain preferences with regard to cash flows from operations, capital events and liquidation, we reflect our share of profits and losses by determining the difference between our claim on the investee’s book value at the beginning and the end of the period, which is adjusted for distributions received and contributions made. This claim is calculated as the amount we would receive if the investee were to liquidate all of its assets at the recorded amounts determined in accordance with GAAP and distribute the resulting cash to creditors and investors in accordance with their respective priorities. This method is referred to as the hypothetical liquidation at book value method or (“HLBV”). Any difference between the amount of our investment and the amount of underlying equity in net assets is generally amortized over the life of the assets and liabilities to which the difference relates. Cash distributions received from these equity method investments are classified as operating activities to the extent of cumulative HLBV earnings in our consolidated statements of cash flows. Our initial investment and additional cash distributions beyond that which are classified as operating activities are classified as investing activities in our consolidated statements of cash flows. We have elected to recognize earnings one quarter in arrears for certain of these investments to allow for the receipt of financial information.
We have also made an investment in a joint venture which holds land under solar projects that we have determined to be a voting interest entity. This investment entitles us to receive an equal percentage of both cash distributions and profit and loss under the terms of the LLC operating agreement. The investment is accounted for under the equity method of accounting with our portion of income being recognized in income (loss) from equity method investments in the period in which the income is earned. Cash distributions received from this equity method investment are classified as operating activities to the extent of cumulative earnings in our consolidated statements of cash flows. Our initial investment and additional cash distributions beyond those which are classified as operating activities are classified as investing activities in our consolidated statements of cash flows.
We evaluate on a quarterly basis whether our investments accounted for using the equity method have an other than temporary impairment (“OTTI”). An OTTI occurs when the estimated fair value of an investment is below the carrying value and the difference is determined to not be recoverable. This evaluation requires significant judgment regarding, but not limited to, the severity and duration of the impairment; the ability and intent to hold the securities until recovery; financial condition, liquidity, and near-term prospects of the issuer; specific events; and other factors.
Government and Commercial Receivables
Government and commercial receivables (“receivables”) include project loans and receivables. These receivables are separately presented in our balance sheet to illustrate the differing nature of the credit risk related to these assets. Unless otherwise noted, we generally have the ability and intent to hold our receivables for the foreseeable future and thus they are classified as held for investment. Our ability and intent to hold certain receivables may change from time to time depending on

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a number of factors, including economic, liquidity and capital market conditions. At inception of the arrangement, the carrying value of receivables held for investment represents the present value of the note, lease or other payments, net of any unearned fee income, which is recognized as income over the term of the note or lease using the effective interest method. Receivables that are held for investment are carried at amortized cost, net of any unamortized acquisition premiums or discounts and include origination and acquisition costs, as applicable. Our initial investment and principal repayments of these receivables are classified as investing activities and the interest collected is classified as operating activities in our consolidated statements of cash flows. Receivables that we intend to sell in the short-term are classified as held-for-sale and are carried at the lower of amortized cost or fair value on our balance sheet. The purchases and proceeds from receivables that we intend to sell at origination are classified as operating activities in our consolidated statements of cash flows. Interest collected is classified as an operating activity in our consolidated statements of cash flows. Certain of our receivables may include the ability to defer required interest payments in exchange for increasing the receivable balance at the borrower's option. We generally accrue this paid-in-kind ("PIK") interest when collection is expected, and cease accruing PIK interest if there is insufficient value to support the accrual or we expect that any portion of the principal or interest due is not collectible.
We evaluate our receivables for an allowance as determined under ASC Topic 326 Financial Instruments- Credit Losses ("Topic 326") and for our internally derived asset performance categories included in Note 6 on at least a quarterly basis and more frequently when economic or other conditions warrant such an evaluation. When a receivable becomes 90 days or more past due, and if we otherwise do not expect the debtor to be able to service all of its debt or other obligations, we will generally consider the receivable delinquent or impaired and place the receivable on non-accrual status and cease recognizing income from that receivable until the borrower has demonstrated the ability and intent to pay contractual amounts due. If a receivable’s status significantly improves regarding the debtor’s ability to service the debt or other obligations, we will remove it from non-accrual status.
Prior to January 1, 2020, a receivable was also considered impaired as of the date when, based on current information and events, it was determined that it was probable that we will be unable to collect all amounts due in accordance with the original contracted terms. Many of our receivables are secured by energy efficiency and renewable energy infrastructure projects. Accordingly, we evaluated the extent and impact of any credit deterioration associated with the performance and value of the underlying project, as well as the financial and operating capability of the borrower, its sponsors or the obligor as well as any guarantors. If a receivable was impaired, we determined if a specific allowance should be recorded and recorded such allowance if the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the receivable’s contractual effective rate was less than its carrying value. This estimate of cash flows also considered the estimated fair market value of the collateral less estimated selling costs if repayment is expected from the collateral.
Beginning January 1, 2020, we determine our allowance based on the current expectation of credit losses over the contractual life of our receivables as required by Topic 326. We use a variety of methods in developing our allowance including discounted cash flow analysis and probability-of-default/loss given default ("PD/LGD") methods. In developing our estimates, we consider our historical experience with our and similar assets in addition to our view of both current conditions and what we expect to occur within a period of time for which we can develop a reasonable and supportable forecast. For periods we cannot reasonably forecast, we utilize historical experience. After the reasonable and supportable forecast period, we immediately revert to historical information when developing our estimates. In developing our forecasts, we consider a number of qualitative and quantitative factors in our assessment, including, a project’s operating results, loan-to-value ratio, any cash reserves, the ability of expected cash from operations to cover the cash flow requirements currently and into the future, key terms of the transaction, the ability of the borrower to refinance the transaction, other credit support from the sponsor or guarantor and the project’s collateral value. In addition, we consider the overall economic environment, the sustainable infrastructure sector, the effect of local, industry, and broader economic factors, the impact of any variation in weather and the historical and anticipated trends in interest rates, defaults and loss severities for similar transactions. For those assets where we record our allowance using a discounted cash flow method, we have elected to record the change in allowance due solely to the passage of time through the provision for loss on receivables in our income statement. We have elected to include accrued interest receivable in our measurement of the allowance. We charge off receivables against the allowance, if any, when we determine the unpaid principal balance is uncollectible, net of recovered amounts. Any provision we record for an allowance is a non-cash reconciling item to cash from operating activities in our consolidated statements of cash flows.
Real Estate
Real estate consists of land or other real estate and its related lease intangibles, net of any amortization. Our real estate is generally leased to tenants on a triple net lease basis, whereby the tenant is responsible for all operating expenses relating to the property, generally including property taxes, insurance, maintenance, repairs and capital expenditures. Certain real estate transactions may be characterized as "failed sale-leaseback" transactions as defined under ASC Topic 842 ("Topic 842"), Leases, and thus are accounted for similarly to our Commercial Receivables as described above in Government and Commercial Receivables.

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For our other real estate lease transactions that are classified as operating leases, the scheduled rental revenue typically varies during the lease term and thus rental income is recognized on a straight-line basis, unless there is considerable risk as to collectability, so as to produce a constant periodic rent over the term of the lease. Accrued rental income is the aggregate difference between the scheduled rents which vary during the lease term and the income recognized on a straight-line basis and is recorded in other assets. Expenses, if any, related to the ongoing operation of leases where we are the lessor, are charged to operations as incurred. Our initial investment is classified as investing activities and income collected for rental income is classified as operating activities in our consolidated statements of cash flows.
When our real estate transactions are treated as an asset acquisition with an operating lease, we typically record our real estate purchases at cost, including acquisition and closing costs, which is allocated to each tangible and intangible asset acquired on a relative fair value basis.
The fair value of the tangible assets of an acquired leased property is determined by valuing the property as if it were vacant, and the “as-if-vacant” value is then allocated to land, building and tenant improvements, if any, based on the determination of the fair values of these assets. The as-if-vacant fair value of a property is typically determined by management based on appraisals by a qualified appraiser. In determining the fair value of the identified intangibles of an acquired property, above-market and below-market in-place lease values are valued based on the present value (using an interest rate which reflects the risks associated with the leases acquired) of the difference between (i) the contractual amounts to be paid pursuant to the in-place leases, and (ii) management’s estimate of fair market lease rates for the corresponding in-place leases, measured over a period equal to the remaining term of the lease, including renewal periods reasonably certain of being exercised by the lessee.
The capitalized above-market lease values are amortized as a reduction of rental income and the capitalized below-market lease values are amortized as an increase to rental income, both of which are amortized over the term used to value the intangible. We also record, as appropriate, an intangible asset for in-place leases. The value of the leases in place at the time of the transaction is equal to the potential income lost if the leases were not in place. The amortization of this intangible occurs over the initial term unless management believes that it is reasonably certain that the tenant would exercise the renewal option, in which case the amortization would extend through the renewal period. If a lease were to be terminated, all unamortized amounts relating to that lease would be written off.
Investments
Investments are debt securities that meet the criteria of ASC 320, Investments-Debt and Equity Securities. We have designated our debt securities as available-for-sale and carry these securities at fair value on our balance sheet. Unrealized gains and losses, to the extent not considered to be credit related, on available-for-sale debt securities are recorded as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (“AOCI”) in equity on our balance sheet. When a security is sold, we reclassify the AOCI to earnings based on specific identification. Our initial investment and principal repayments of these investments are classified as investing activities and the interest collected is classified as operating activities in our consolidated statements of cash flows.
We evaluate our investments for impairment on at least a quarterly basis, and more frequently when economic or market conditions warrant such an evaluation. Our impairment assessment is a subjective process requiring the use of judgments and assumptions. Accordingly, we regularly evaluate the extent and impact of any credit deterioration associated with the financial and operating performance and value of the underlying project. We consider several qualitative and quantitative factors in our assessment. The primary factor in our assessment is the current fair value of the security, while other factors include changes in the credit rating, performance of the underlying project, key terms of the transaction, the value of any collateral and any support provided by the sponsor or guarantor.
To the extent that we have identified an impairment for a security, intend to hold the investment to maturity, and do not expect that we will be required to sell the security prior to recovery of the amortized cost basis, we will recognize only the credit component of the unrealized loss in earnings by recording an allowance against the amortized cost of the asset as required by Topic 326. We determine the credit component using the difference between the security’s amortized cost basis and the present value of its expected future cash flows, discounted using the effective interest method or its estimated collateral value. Any remaining unrealized loss due to factors other than credit is recorded in AOCI.
To the extent we hold investments with a fair value less than the amortized cost and we have made the decision to sell the security or it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell the security prior to recovery of its amortized cost basis, we recognize the entire portion of the impairment in earnings.
Premiums or discounts on investment securities are amortized or accreted into interest income using the effective interest method.

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Securitization of Financial Assets
We have established various special purpose entities or securitization trusts for the purpose of securitizing certain financial assets. We determined that the trusts used in securitizations are VIEs, as defined in ASC 810. When we conclude that we are not the primary beneficiary of certain trusts because we do not have power over those trusts' significant activities, we do not consolidate the trust. We typically serve as primary or master servicer of these trusts; however, as the servicer, we do not have the power to make significant decisions impacting the performance of the trusts.
We account for transfers of financial assets to these securitization trusts as sales pursuant to ASC 860, Transfers and Servicing ("ASC 860"), when we have concluded the transferred assets have been isolated from the transferor (i.e., put presumptively beyond the reach of the transferor and its creditors, even in bankruptcy or other receivership) and we have surrendered control over the transferred assets. We treat those trusts where we are unable to conclude that we have been isolated from the securitized financial assets as secured borrowings, retaining the assets on our balance sheet and recording the amounts due to the trust investor as non-recourse debt.
For transfers treated as sales under ASC 860, we have received true-sale-at-law and non-consolidation legal opinions for all of our securitization trust structures that support our conclusion regarding the transferred financial assets. When we sell financial assets in securitizations, we generally retain interests in the form of servicing rights and residual assets, which we refer to as securitization assets.
Gain or loss on the sale of financial assets is calculated based on the excess of the proceeds received from the securitization (less any transaction costs) plus any retained interests obtained over the cost basis of the assets sold. For retained interests, we generally estimate fair value based on the present value of future expected cash flows using our best estimates of the key assumptions of anticipated losses, prepayment rates, and current market discount rates commensurate with the risks involved. Cash flows related to our securitizations at origination are classified as operating activities in our consolidated statements of cash flows.
We initially account for all separately recognized servicing assets and servicing liabilities at fair value and subsequently measure such servicing assets and liabilities using the amortization method. Servicing assets and liabilities are amortized in proportion to, and over the period of, estimated net servicing income with servicing income recognized as earned. We assess servicing assets for impairment at each reporting date. If the amortized cost of servicing assets is greater than the estimated fair value, we will recognize an impairment in net income.
Our other retained interest in securitized assets, the residual assets, are accounted for similarly to available-for-sale debt securities and carried at fair value. Our residual assets are evaluated for impairment on a quarterly basis. Interest income related to the residual assets is recognized using the effective interest rate method. If there is a change in the expected cash flows related to the residual assets, we will assess whether the asset is impaired and will calculate a new yield based on the current amortized cost of the residual assets and the revised expected cash flows. This yield is used prospectively to recognize interest income.
Cash and Cash Equivalents
Cash and cash equivalents include short-term government securities, certificates of deposit and money market funds, all of which had an original maturity of three months or less at the date of purchase. These securities are carried at their purchase price, which approximates fair value.
Restricted Cash
Restricted cash includes cash and cash equivalents set aside with certain lenders primarily to support deferred funding and other obligations outstanding as of the balance sheet dates. Restricted cash is reported as part of other assets in the consolidated balance sheets. Refer to Note 3 for disclosure of the balances of restricted cash included in other assets.
Convertible Notes
We have issued convertible senior notes that are accounted for in accordance with ASC 470-20, Debt with Conversion and Other Options, and ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging ("ASC 815"). Under ASC 815, issuers of certain convertible debt instruments are generally required to separately account for the conversion option of the convertible debt instrument as either a derivative or equity, unless it meets the scope exemption for contracts indexed to, and settled in, an issuer’s own equity. Since this conversion option is both indexed to our equity and can only be settled in our common stock, we have met the scope exemption, and therefore, we are not separately accounting for the embedded conversion option. The initial issuance and any principal repayments are classified as financing activities and interest payments are classified as operating activities in our consolidated statements of cash flows.

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Income Taxes
We elected and qualified to be taxed as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes, commencing with our taxable year ended December 31, 2013. We also have taxable REIT subsidiaries ("TRSs") which are taxed separately, and which will generally be subject to U.S. federal, state, and local income taxes as well as taxes of foreign jurisdictions, if any. To qualify as a REIT, we must meet on an ongoing basis several organizational and operational requirements, including a requirement that we currently distribute at least 90% of our REIT's net taxable income before dividends paid, excluding capital gains, to our stockholders. As a REIT, we are not subject to U.S. federal corporate income tax on that portion of net income that is currently distributed to our owners.
We account for income taxes under ASC 740, Income Taxes ("ASC 740") for our TRSs using the asset and liability method. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the estimated future tax consequences attributable to the differences between the consolidated financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities from a change in tax rates is recognized in earnings in the period when the new rate is enacted. We evaluate any deferred tax assets for valuation allowances based on an assessment of available evidence including sources of taxable income, prior years taxable income, any existing taxable temporary differences and our future investment and business plans that may give rise to taxable income. We treat any tax credits we receive from our equity investments in renewable energy projects as reductions of federal income taxes of the year in which the credit arises. Any deferred tax impacts resulting from transfers of assets to or from our TRSs are recorded as an adjustment to additional paid-in capital, as it is a transfer amongst entities under common control.
We apply ASC 740 with respect to how uncertain tax positions should be recognized, measured, presented, and disclosed in the financial statements. This guidance requires the accounting and disclosure of tax positions taken or expected to be taken in the course of preparing our tax returns to determine whether the tax positions are “more likely than not” to be sustained by the applicable tax authority. We are required to analyze all open tax years, as defined by the statute of limitations, for all major jurisdictions, which includes U.S. federal and certain states.
Equity-Based Compensation
In 2013, we adopted the 2013 Hannon Armstrong Sustainable Infrastructure Capital, Inc. Equity Incentive Plan (as amended, the “2013 Plan”), which provides for grants of stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock units, shares of restricted common stock, phantom shares, dividend equivalent rights, long-term incentive-plan units (“LTIP units”) and other restricted limited partnership units issued by our Operating Partnership and other equity-based awards. From time to time, we may grant equity or equity-based awards as compensation to members of our senior management team, our independent directors, employees, advisors, consultants and other personnel under our 2013 Plan. Certain awards earned under the plan are based on achieving various performance targets, which are generally earned between 0% and 200% of the initial target, depending on the extent to which the performance target is met. In addition to performance targets, certain LTIP units issued by our Operating Partnership also require a certain level of appreciation of partnership interests to occur before parity is reached and LTIP units can be converted to limited partnership units.
We record compensation expense for grants made under the 2013 Plan in accordance with ASC 718, Compensation-Stock Compensation. We record compensation expense for unvested grants that vest solely based on service conditions on a straight-line basis over the vesting period of the entire award based upon the fair market value of the grant on the date of grant. Fair market value for restricted common stock is based on our share price on the date of grant. For awards where the vesting is contingent upon achievement of certain performance targets, compensation expense is measured based on the fair market value on the grant date and is recorded over the requisite service period (which includes the performance period). Actual performance results at the end of the performance period determines the number of shares that will ultimately be awarded. We have also issued awards where the vesting is contingent upon service being provided for a defined period and certain market conditions being met. The fair value of these awards, as measured at the grant date, is recognized over the requisite service period, even if the market conditions are not met. The grant date fair value of these awards was developed by an independent appraiser using a Monte Carlo simulation.
Earnings Per Share
We compute earnings per share of common stock in accordance with ASC 260, Earnings Per Share. Basic earnings per share is calculated by dividing net income attributable to controlling stockholders (after consideration of the earnings allocated to unvested grants under the 2013 Plan, if applicable) by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period excluding the weighted average number of unvested grants under the 2013 Plan, if applicable (“participating securities” as defined in Note 12). Diluted earnings per share is calculated by dividing net income attributable to controlling stockholders (after consideration of the earnings allocated to unvested grants under the 2013 Plan, if applicable) by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period plus other potential common stock instruments if they are dilutive. Other potentially dilutive common stock instruments include our unvested restricted stock,

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other equity-based awards, and convertible notes. The restricted stock and other equity-based awards are included if they are dilutive using the treasury stock method. The treasury stock method assumes that theoretical proceeds received for future service provided is used to purchase shares of treasury stock at the average market price per share of common stock, which is deducted from the total shares of potential common stock included in the calculation. When unvested grants are dilutive, the earnings allocated to these dilutive unvested grants are not deducted from the net income attributable to controlling stockholders when calculating diluted earnings per share. The convertible notes are included if they are dilutive using the if-converted method. The if-converted method removes interest expense related to the convertible notes from the net income attributable to controlling stockholders and includes the weighted average shares of potential common stock over the period issuable upon conversion of the note. No adjustment is made for shares of potential common stock that are anti-dilutive during a period.
Segment Reporting
We make equity and debt investments in the energy efficiency, renewable energy, and other sustainable infrastructure markets. We manage our business as a single portfolio and report all of our activities as one business segment.
Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements
Credit Losses
In June 2016, the FASB issued Topic 326 which significantly changes how entities will recognize and measure credit losses for most financial assets and certain other instruments that are not measured at fair value through net income. Topic 326 has replaced the “incurred loss” approach under existing guidance with an “expected loss” model for instruments measured at amortized cost and require entities to record allowances for expected losses from available-for-sale debt securities rather than reduce the amortized cost, as previously required. It also simplified the accounting model for purchased credit-impaired debt securities and loans. Topic 326 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019 and is to be adopted through a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings as of the beginning of the first reporting period in which the guidance is effective. Topic 326 became effective for us on January 1, 2020. As a result of the adoption of Topic 326, we recorded a cumulative-effect pre-tax adjustment to retained earnings as of January 1, 2020 of approximately $17 million in the process of establishing our allowance for our commercial receivables. The allowance for our government receivables recorded as of the adoption date of Topic 326 is not material. We did not have a material impact to the accounting for our available-for-sale securities portfolio.
Other accounting standards updates issued before May 11, 2020, and effective after March 31, 2020, are not expected to have a material effect on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.
3.Fair Value Measurements
Fair value is defined as the price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. The fair value accounting guidance provides a three-level hierarchy for classifying financial instruments. The levels of inputs used to determine the fair value of our financial assets and liabilities carried on the balance sheet at fair value and for those which only disclosure of fair value is required are characterized in accordance with the fair value hierarchy established by ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements. Where inputs for a financial asset or liability fall in more than one level in the fair value hierarchy, the financial asset or liability is classified in its entirety based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement of that financial asset or liability. We use our judgment and consider factors specific to the financial assets and liabilities in determining the significance of an input to the fair value measurements. As of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, only our residual assets related to our securitization trusts and investments were carried at fair value on the consolidated balance sheets on a recurring basis. The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are described below:
Level 1 — Quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets that are accessible at the measurement date.
Level 2 — Observable prices that are based on inputs not quoted on active markets but corroborated by market data.
Level 3 — Unobservable inputs are used when little or no market data is available.

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The tables below illustrate the estimated fair value of our financial instruments on our balance sheet. Unless otherwise discussed below, fair value for our Level 2 and Level 3 measurements is measured using a discounted cash flow model, contractual terms and inputs which consist of base interest rates and spreads over base rates which are based upon market observation and recent comparable transactions. An increase in these inputs would result in a lower fair value and a decline would result in a higher fair value. Our senior unsecured notes and convertible notes are valued using a market based approach and observable prices. The receivables held-for-sale, if any, are carried at the lower of cost or fair value.
 
As of March 31, 2020
 
Fair Value
 
Carrying
Value
 
Level
 
(in millions)
 
 
Assets
 
 
 
 
 
Government receivables
$
283

 
$
259

 
Level 3
Commercial receivables
879

 
873

 
Level 3
Investments (1)
63

 
63

 
Level 3
Securitization residual assets (2)
118

 
118

 
Level 3
Liabilities
 
 
 
 
 
Credit facilities (3)
$
153

 
$
153

 
Level 3
Non-recourse debt (3)
677

 
648

 
Level 3
Senior unsecured notes (3)
491

 
513

 
Level 2
Convertible notes (3)
145

 
151

 
Level 2
(1)
The amortized cost of our investments as of March 31, 2020, was $59 million.
(2)
Included in securitization assets on the consolidated balance sheet. This amount excludes securitization servicing assets, which are carried at amortized cost.
(3)
Fair value and carrying value exclude unamortized debt issuance costs.
 
As of December 31, 2019
 
Fair Value
 
Carrying
Value
 
Level
 
(in millions)
 
 
Assets
 
 
 
 
 
Government receivables
$
278

 
$
263

 
Level 3
Commercial receivables
906

 
896

 
Level 3
Investments (1)
75

 
75

 
Level 3
Securitization residual assets (2)
122

 
122

 
Level 3
Liabilities
 
 
 
 
 
Credit facilities (3)
$
31

 
$
31

 
Level 3
Non-recourse debt (3)
739

 
716

 
Level 3
Senior unsecured notes
540

 
520

 
Level 2
Convertible notes (3)
185

 
152

 
Level 2
(1)    The amortized cost of our investments as of December 31, 2019, was $74 million.
(2)
Included in securitization assets on the consolidated balance sheet. This amount excludes securitization servicing assets, which are carried at amortized cost.
(3)    Fair value and carrying value exclude unamortized debt issuance costs.


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Investments
The following table reconciles the beginning and ending balances for our Level 3 investments that are carried at fair value on a recurring basis:
 
For the three months ended March 31,
 
2020
 
2019
 
(in millions)
Balance, beginning of period
$
75

 
$
170

Purchases of investments
16

 
7

Payments on investments
(1
)
 
(1
)
Sale of investments
(33
)
 

Realized gains on investments recorded in gain on sale of receivables and investments
3

 

Unrealized gains (losses) on investments recorded in OCI
3

 
2

Balance, end of period
$
63

 
$
178


The following table illustrates our investments in an unrealized loss position:
 
Estimated Fair Value
 
Unrealized Losses (1)
 
Securities with a loss shorter than 12 months
 
Securities with a loss longer than 12 months
 
Securities with a loss shorter than 12 months
 
Securities with a loss longer than 12 months
 
(in millions)
March 31, 2020
$

 
$
8

 
$

 
$
0.4

December 31, 2019
25

 
8

 
0.4

 
0.7

(1)    Loss position is due to interest rates movements. We have the intent and ability to hold these investments until a recovery of fair value.
In determining the fair value of our investments we used a market-based risk-free rate and a range of interest rate spreads of approximately 1% to 4% based upon transactions involving similar assets as of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019. The weighted average discount rate used to determine the fair value of our investments as of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019 were 3.7% and 4.4%, respectively.
Securitization residual assets
The following table reconciles the beginning and ending balances for our Level 3 securitization residual assets that are carried at fair value on a recurring basis:
 
For the three months ended March 31,
 
2020
 
2019
 
(in millions)
Balance, beginning of period
$
122

 
$
71

Accretion of securitization residual assets
1

 
1

Additions to securitization residual assets
12

 
6

Collections of securitization residual assets
(1
)
 
(1
)
Sales of securitization residual assets
(21
)
 

Unrealized gains (losses) on securitization residual assets recorded in AOCI
5

 

Balance, end of period
$
118

 
$
77


In determining the fair value of our securitization residual assets, we used a market-based risk-free rate and a range of interest rate spreads of approximately 2% to 7% based upon transactions involving similar assets as of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019. The weighted average discount rate used to determine the fair value of our securitization residual assets as of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019 were 4.2% and 4.4%, respectively.
Non-recurring Fair Value Measurements
Our financial statements may include non-recurring fair value measurements related to acquisitions and non-monetary transactions, if any. Assets acquired in a business combination are recorded at their fair value. We may use third-party valuation firms to assist us with developing our estimates of fair value.

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Concentration of Credit Risk
Government and commercial receivables, real estate leases, and debt investments consist primarily of U.S. federal government-backed receivables, investment grade state and local government receivables and receivables from various sustainable infrastructure projects and do not, in our view, represent a significant concentration of credit risk. Additionally, certain of our investments are collateralized by projects concentrated in certain geographic regions throughout the United States. These investments typically have structural credit protections to mitigate our risk exposure and, in most cases, the projects are insured for estimated physical loss which helps to mitigate the possible risk from these concentrations.
We had cash deposits that are subject to credit risk as shown below:
 
March 31, 2020
 
December 31, 2019
 
(in millions)
Cash deposits
$
173

 
$
6

Restricted cash deposits (included in other assets)
27

 
101

Total cash deposits
$
200

 
$
107

Amount of cash deposits in excess of amounts federally insured
$
199

 
$
105


4.
Non-Controlling Interest
Units of limited partnership interests in the Operating Partnership (“OP units”) that are owned by limited partners other than us are included in non-controlling interest on our consolidated balance sheets. The non-controlling interest holders are generally allocated their pro rata share of income, other comprehensive income and equity transactions.
The outstanding OP units held by outside limited partners represent less than 1% of our outstanding OP units and are redeemable by the limited partners for cash, or at our option, for a like number of shares of our common stock. No OP units were exchanged by non-controlling interest holders during both the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019.
We have also granted to members of our leadership team and directors LTIP Units pursuant to the 2013 plan. These LTIP Units are held by HASI Management HoldCo LLC. The LTIP Units are designed to qualify as profits interests in the Operating Partnership and initially will have a capital account balance of zero and, therefore, will not have full parity with OP units with respect to liquidating distributions or other rights. However, the amended and restated agreement of limited partnership of the Operating Partnership (the "OP Agreement") provides that “book gains,” or economic appreciation, in the Operating Partnership will be allocated first to the LTIP Units until the capital account per LTIP Units is equal to the capital account per-unit of the OP units. Under the terms of the OP Agreement, the Operating Partnership will revalue its assets upon the occurrence of certain specified events, and any increase in valuation from the time of grant until such event will be allocated first to the holders of LTIP Units to equalize the capital accounts of such holders with the capital accounts of OP unit holders. Once this has occurred, the LTIP Units will achieve full parity with the OP units for all purposes, including with respect to liquidating distributions and redemption rights. In addition to these attributes, there are vesting and settlement conditions similar to our other equity-based awards as discussed in Notes 2 and 11.
5.
Securitization of Financial Assets
The following summarizes certain transactions with our securitization trusts: 
 
As of and for the three months ended March 31,
 
2020
 
2019
 
(in millions)
Gains on securitizations
$
5

 
$
7

Cost of financial assets securitized
48

 
302

Proceeds from securitizations
53

 
309

Residual and servicing assets
122

 
78

Cash received from residual and servicing assets
1

 
1


In connection with securitization transactions, we typically retain servicing responsibilities and residual assets. We generally receive annual servicing fees typically up to 0.20% of the outstanding balance. We may periodically make servicer

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advances, which are subject to credit risk. Included in securitization assets in our consolidated balance sheets are our servicing assets at amortized cost, our residual assets at fair value, and our servicing advances at cost, if any. Our residual assets are subordinate to investors’ interests, and their values are subject to credit, prepayment and interest rate risks on the transferred financial assets. The investors and the securitization trusts have no recourse to our other assets for failure of debtors to pay when due. In computing gains and losses on securitizations, we use discount rates based on a review of comparable market transactions including Level 3 unobservable inputs which consist of base interest rates and spreads over base rates. Depending on the nature of the transaction risks, the discount rate ranged from 3% to 7%, and contemplates our estimate of prepayments.
As of both March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, our managed assets totaled $6.2 billion of which $4.1 billion were securitized assets held in unconsolidated securitization trusts. There were no securitization credit losses in the three months ended March 31, 2020 or 2019. As of March 31, 2020, there were no material payments from debtors to the securitization trusts that were greater than 90 days past due. The securitized assets generally consist of receivables from contracts for the installation of energy efficiency and other technologies in facilities owned by, or operated for or by, federal, state or local government entities where the ultimate obligor is a governmental entity. The contracts may have guarantees of energy savings from third-party service providers, which typically are entities rated investment grade by an independent rating agency. Based on the nature of the assets and experience-to-date, we do not currently expect to incur any credit losses of our residual interests related to the assets sold.
6.
Our Portfolio
As of March 31, 2020, our Portfolio included approximately $2.1 billion of equity method investments, receivables, real estate and investments on our balance sheet. The equity method investments represent our non-controlling equity investments in renewable energy and energy efficiency projects and land. The receivables and investments are typically collateralized by contractually committed debt obligations of government entities or private high credit quality obligors and are often supported by additional forms of credit enhancement, including security interests and supplier guaranties. The real estate is typically land and related lease intangibles for long-term leases to wind and solar projects. Our analysis of our Portfolio has historically been analyzed by type of obligor categorized as either government or commercial obligors and whether those obligors are investment grade or non-investment grade. In conjunction with the adoption of Topic 326, we re-evaluated our reporting for this disclosure and have modified our credit quality disclosure to provide more detail of how the assets in our Portfolio are performing. Additionally, as discussed in Note 2, we have adopted Topic 326 which requires the establishment of an allowance at origination for our receivables expected over the life of the asset rather than at the time it is probable that a loss has been incurred. These allowances are reflected in our disclosures below and are not necessarily an indication that an actual loss has been incurred.
We determine our expectation of credit losses related to our investments by evaluating a number of qualitative and quantitative factors including a project’s operating results, loan-to-value ratio, any cash reserves, the ability of expected cash from operations to cover the cash flow requirements currently and into the future, key terms of the transaction, the ability of the borrower to refinance the transaction, the financial and operating capability of the borrower, its sponsors or the obligor as well as any guarantors and the project’s collateral value. In addition, when deriving our reasonable and supportable forecasts we consider the overall economic environment, the sustainable infrastructure sector, the effect of local, industry, and broader economic factors, the impact of any variation in weather and the historical and anticipated trends in interest rates, defaults and loss severities for similar transactions.


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The following is an analysis of the Performance Ratings of our Portfolio as of March 31, 2020, which is assessed quarterly:
 
Portfolio Performance
 
 
 
 
 
1 (1)
 
2 (2)
 
3 (3)
 
Total
 
(dollars in millions)
Receivable vintage
Government
 
Commercial
 
Government
 
Commercial
 
Government
 
Commercial
 
 
2020
$

 
$
61

 
$

 
$

 
$

 
$

 
$
61

2019
2

 
447

 

 

 

 

 
449

2018

 
268

 

 

 

 

 
268

2017
39

 
5

 

 

 

 

 
44

2016
70

 
61

 

 

 

 

 
131

2015
92

 
1

 

 

 

 

 
93

Prior to 2015
56

 
48

 

 

 

 
8

 
112

Total receivables
259

 
891

 

 

 

 
8

 
1,158

Less: Allowance for loss on receivables

 
(18
)
 

 

 

 
(8
)
 
(26
)
Net receivables (4)
259

 
873

 

 

 

 

 
1,132

Investments
35

 
28

 

 

 

 

 
63

Real estate

 
361

 

 

 

 

 
361

Equity method investments (5)

 
559

 

 
23

 

 

 
582

Total
$
294

 
$
1,821

 
$

 
$
23

 
$

 
$

 
$
2,138

Percent of Portfolio
14
%
 
85
%
 
%
 
1
%
 
%
 
%
 
100
%
Average remaining balance (6)
$
7

 
$
13

 
$

 
$
12

 
$

 
$
4

 
$
12

(1)
This category includes our assets where based on our credit criteria and performance to date we believe that our risk of not receiving our invested capital remains low.
(2)
This category includes our assets where based on our credit criteria and performance to date we believe there is a moderate level of risk to not receiving some or all of our invested capital.
(3)
This category includes our assets where based on our credit criteria and performance to date, we believe there is substantial doubt regarding our ability to recover some or all of our invested capital. Included in this category are two commercial receivables with a combined total carrying value of approximately $8 million as of March 31, 2020 which we consider impaired and have held on non-accrual status since 2017. We recorded an allowance for the entire asset amounts as described in our 2019 Form 10-K. We expect to continue to pursue our legal claims with regards to these assets.
(4)
Total reconciles to the total of the government receivables and commercial receivables lines of the consolidated balance sheets
(5)
Some of the individual projects included in portfolios that make up our equity method investments have government off-takers. As they are part of large portfolios, they are not classified separately. 
(6)
Average remaining balance is calculated gross of allowance for loss on receivables and excludes approximately 130 transactions each with outstanding balances that are less than $1 million and that in the aggregate total $47 million.
Receivables
We adopted Topic 326 during the three months ended March 31, 2020 which requires us to recognize a provision for loss on receivables expected over the life of the receivable rather than only recording an allowance when it is probable a loss has been incurred. As of December 31, 2019, we had an allowance for loss on receivables on specific assets of $8 million discussed above with a Performance Rating of 3. At adoption on January 1, 2020, we recorded an additional pre-tax allowance for loss on receivables of $17 million which reflects our estimated loss as of that date. Quarterly, we will update that expected loss to reflect both the expected loss on newly originated receivables and any changes in the expected loss on existing receivables. As of March 31, 2020, we increased that allowance on our receivables by $1 million, primarily as a result of the potential impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our commercial receivables.

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Below is a summary of the carrying value and allowance by type of receivable or "Portfolio Segment", as defined by Topic 326, as of March 31, 2020 and January 1, 2020:
 
March 31, 2020
 
January 1, 2020
 
Carrying Value
 
Allowance
 
Carrying Value
 
Allowance
 
(in millions)
Government (1)
$
259

 
$

 
$
270

 
$

Commercial (2)
899

 
26

 
892

 
25

Total
$
1,158

 
$
26

 
$
1,162

 
$
25

(1)
As of March 31, 2020, our government receivables include $150 million of U.S. federal government transactions and $109 million of transactions where the ultimate obligors are state or local governments.
Risk characteristics of our government receivables include the energy savings or the power output of the projects and the ability of the government obligor to generate revenue for debt service, via taxation or other means. Transactions may have guarantees of energy savings or other performance support from third-party service providers, which typically are entities, directly or whose ultimate parent entity is, rated investment grade by an independent rating agency. All of our government receivables are included in Performance Rating 1 in the Portfolio Performance table above. Our allowance for government receivables is primarily calculated by using PD/LGD methods as discussed in Note 2. Our expectation of credit losses for these receivables is immaterial given the high credit-quality of the obligors.
(2)
This category of assets includes $453 million of mezzanine loans made on a non-recourse basis to special purpose subsidiaries of residential solar companies which are secured by residential solar assets where we rely on certain limited indemnities, warranties, and other obligations of the residential solar companies or their other subsidiaries. Approximately $367 million of our commercial receivables are loans made to entities in which we also have non-controlling equity investments of approximately $25 million. This total also includes $88 million of lease agreements where we hold legal title to the underlying real estate which are treated under GAAP as receivables since they were deemed to be failed sale/leaseback transactions as described in Note 2.
Risk characteristics of our commercial receivables include a project’s operating risks, which include the impact of the overall economic environment, the sustainable infrastructure sector, the effect of local, industry, and broader economic factors, the impact of any variation in weather and trends in interest rates. We use assumptions related to these risks to estimate an allowance using a discounted cash flow analysis or the PD/LGD method as discussed in Note 2. All of our commercial receivables are included in Performance Rating 1 in the Portfolio Performance table above, except for the $8 million of receivables we have placed on non-accrual status which are included in Performance Rating 3. For those assets in Performance Rating 1, the credit worthiness of the obligor combined with the various structural protections of our assets cause us to believe we have a low risk we will not receive our invested capital, however we recorded an $18 million allowance on these $891 million in assets as a result of lower probability assumptions utilized in our Allowance methodology.
The following table reconciles our allowance for loss on receivables by type of receivable:
 
Government
 
Commercial
 
(in millions)
Beginning Balance - January 1, 2020
$

 
$
25

Provision for loss on receivables

 
1

Ending balance - March 31, 2020
$

 
$
26


Other than the $8 million of receivables discussed above with a Performance Rating of 3, we have no receivables which are on non-accrual status.
The following table provides a summary of our anticipated maturity dates of our receivables and the weighted average yield for each range of maturities as of March 31, 2020:
 
Total
 
Less than 1
year
 
1-5 years
 
5-10 years
 
More than 10
years
 
(dollars in millions)
Maturities by period (excluding allowance)
$
1,158

 
$
5

 
$
168

 
$
308

 
$
677

Weighted average yield by period
8.0
%
 
7.6
%
 
7.0
%
 
8.9
%
 
7.6
%
Investments
The following table provides a summary of our anticipated maturity dates of our investments and the weighted average yield for each range of maturities as of March 31, 2020:

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Total
 
Less than 1
year
 
1-5 years
 
5-10 years
 
More than 10
years
 
(dollars in millions)
Maturities by period
$
63

 
$

 
$

 
$

 
$